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A Feed Forward Neural Net (NN) approach to distinguish between clouds and the surface has been applied to the Sea and Land Surface Temperature Radiometer in polar regions. The masking algorithm covers the Arctic, Antarctic and reg...
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A Feed Forward Neural Net (NN) approach to distinguish between clouds and the surface has been applied to the Sea and Land Surface Temperature Radiometer in polar regions. The masking algorithm covers the Arctic, Antarctic and regions typically classified as the cryosphere such as northern hemisphere permafrost. The mask has been trained using collocations with the CALIOP active lidar, which in narrow strips provide more accurate detection of cloud, and was subsequently evaluated as a function of cloud type and surface type. The mask was compared with the existing operational Bayesian and Empirical cloud masks by eye and also statistically using CALIOP data. It was found to perform exceptionally well in the polar regions. The Kuiper skill score improved from 0.28, for the operational Bayesian and 0.17 for the Empirical masks to 0.77 for the NN. The NN algorithm also has a much more homogeneous performance over all surface types. The key improvement came from better identification of clear scenes; for the NN mask, the same performance in terms of contamination of cloudy pixels in the sample of identified clear pixels can be achieved while retaining 40% of the clear pixels compared with 10% for the operational cloud identification. The algorithm performed with almost the same skill over sea and land. The best performance was achieved for opaque clouds while transparent and broken clouds showed slightly reduced accuracy.
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Single and multicomponent adsorption isotherms were obtained for deamidated variants of a monoclonal antibody on two cation exchangers with different pore structures, one with a macroporous architecture - UNOsphere S, and the othe...
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Single and multicomponent adsorption isotherms were obtained for deamidated variants of a monoclonal antibody on two cation exchangers with different pore structures, one with a macroporous architecture - UNOsphere S, and the other with charged dextran grafts - Capto S. No selectivity between the different deamidated forms was seen at pH 5 for either stationary phase. However, although the binding strength was lower, both media exhibited substantial selectivity at pH 7.5. The effective binding charge, determined from linear gradient elution experiments and from the steric mass action model, was different for the two different media, but remained nearly the same for the different variants suggesting that the selectivity is determined by the strength of binding, rather than by the binding charge. This result agrees with the higher binding constants determined for the less deamidated forms. At low ionic strength, the binding capacity of the dextran grafted media was much higher than that of the macroporous matrix at either pH. However, similar capacities were obtained for the two stationary phases at ~140mM Na~+ for pH 5 and at 50mM Na~+ for pH 7.5. For both materials, predictions of multicomponent adsorption based on the steric mass action model were in good agreement with experimental results indicating that the different variants bind in competition with each other. In general, this work demonstrates the utility of modeling adsorption equilibrium allowing an accurate description of competitive binding, which is a necessary step for a complete description of a chromatographic separation process.
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Increasing evidence has shown that a fraction of the wild-type (wt) form of the tumor suppressor p53, can translocate to mitochondria due to genotoxic stress. The mitochondrial targets of wt p53 have also been studied. However, wh...
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Increasing evidence has shown that a fraction of the wild-type (wt) form of the tumor suppressor p53, can translocate to mitochondria due to genotoxic stress. The mitochondrial targets of wt p53 have also been studied. However, whether mutant p53, which exists in 50% of human cancers, translocates to mitochondria and affects mitochondrial functions is unclear. In this study, we used doxorubicin, a chemotherapeutic drug, to treat five human lymphoma cell lines with wt, mutant or deficient in p53, to induce p53 activation and mitochondrial translocation. Our results demonstrated that mutant p53, like wt p53, was induced upon doxorubicin treatment. Similarly, a fraction of mutant p53 also translocated to mitochondria. However, Complex I and II activities in the mitochondria were compromised only in wt p53-bearing cells after doxorubicin treatment, but not in mutant p53-bearing cells. Similarly, doxorubicin treatment caused greater cell death only in wt p53-bearing cells, but not in mutant p53-bearing cells. When p53 deficient Ramos cells were transfected with mutant p53 (249S), the cells showed resistance to doxorubicin-induced cell death and decreases in complex activities. To reactivate mutant p53 and reverse chemoresistance, ellipticine (5,11-dimethyl-6H-pyrido[4,3-b]carbazole) was used to treat mutant p53 cells. Ellipticine enhanced p53 mitochondrial translocation, decreased Complex I activity, and sensitized p53 mutant cells to doxorubicin-induced apoptosis. In summary, our studies suggest that mutations in p53 may not hinder p53's mitochondrial translocation, but impair its effects on mitochondrial functions. Therefore, restoring mutant p53 by ellipticine may sensitize these cells to chemotherapy.
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The kinetics of single and multicomponent adsorption of deamidated monoclonal antibody (mAb) charge variants is investigated using confocal laser scanning microscopy for two commercial cation exchangers, one with an open macroporo...
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The kinetics of single and multicomponent adsorption of deamidated monoclonal antibody (mAb) charge variants is investigated using confocal laser scanning microscopy for two commercial cation exchangers, one with an open macroporous structure - UNOsphere S - and the other with charged dextran grafts - Capto S. Markedly different intraparticle concentration profiles are obtained, being very sharp for UNOsphere S, indicating pore diffusion control, but much more diffuse for Capto S, consistent with a solid or surface diffusion mechanism. For single-component adsorption, the mAb effective pore diffusivities for UNOsphere S are approximately D_e=4.5×10~(-8) and 8.3×10~(-8)cm~2/s at pH 5 and 7.5, respectively, while effective solid diffusivities for Capto S are D_s=0.98×10~(-9) and 5.0×10~(-9)cm~2/s at pH 5 and 7.5, respectively. Two-component adsorption at pH 7.5, where the deamidated variants are bound selectively also showed markedly different profiles for the two matrices. UNOsphere S showed distinct adsorption zones within the particles indicating that multicomponent transport occurs with continuous displacement of the more deamidated variant by the less deamidated one. Capto S, however, showed no spatial resolution of the variants within the particle during co-adsorption and very slow mass transfer during sequential adsorption suggesting that protein counter-diffusion is severely hindered in this material.
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Similarities and differences between photonic and microelectronic integration technology are discussed and a vision of the development of InP-based photonic integration in the coming decade is given.
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Single and multicomponent batch adsorption kinetics were obtained for deamidated mAb variants on two commercial cation exchangers, one with an open macroporous structure - UNOsphere S - and the other with charged dextran grafts - ...
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Single and multicomponent batch adsorption kinetics were obtained for deamidated mAb variants on two commercial cation exchangers, one with an open macroporous structure - UNOsphere S - and the other with charged dextran grafts - Capto S. The adsorption kinetics for the macroporous matrix was found to be controlled largely by pore diffusion. The effective diffusivity estimated from single component data was a fraction of the mAb free solution diffusivity, and its value could be used to accurately predict the adsorption kinetics for two- and three-component systems. In this case, when two or more variants were adsorbed simultaneously, both experimental and predicted results showed a temporary overshoot of the amount adsorbed above the equilibrium value for the more deamidated variant followed by a gradual approach to equilibrium. Adsorption rates on the dextran grafted material were much faster than those observed for the macroporous matrix for both single component and simultaneous adsorption cases. In this case, no significant overshoot was observed for the more deamidated forms. The Capto S adsorption kinetics could be described well by a diffusion model with an adsorbed phase driving force for single component adsorption and for the simultaneous adsorption of multiple variants. However, this model failed to predict the adsorption kinetics when more deamidated forms pre-adsorbed on the resin were displaced by less deamidated ones. In this case, the kinetics of the displacement process was much slower indicating that the pre-adsorbed components severely hindered transport of the more strongly bound variants. Overall, the results indicate that despite the lower capacity, the macroporous resin may be more efficient in process applications where displacement of one variant by another takes place as a result of the faster and more predictable kinetics.
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The dominant paradigm for searching and browsing large data stores is text-based: presenting a scrollable list of search results in response to textual search term input. While this works well for the Web, there is opportunity for...
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The dominant paradigm for searching and browsing large data stores is text-based: presenting a scrollable list of search results in response to textual search term input. While this works well for the Web, there is opportunity for improvement in the domain of personal information stores, which tend to have more heterogeneous data and richer metadata. In this paper, we introduce FacetMap, an interactive, query-driven visualization, generalizable to a wide range of metadata-rich data stores. FacetMap uses a visual metaphor for both input (selection of metadata facets as filters) and output. Results of a user study provide insight into tradeoffs between FacetMap's graphical approach and the traditional text-oriented approach
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The PC's increasing graphical-processing power is fueling a demand for larger and more capable display devices. Several operating systems have supported work with multiple displays for some time. This fact, coupled with graphic-ca...
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The PC's increasing graphical-processing power is fueling a demand for larger and more capable display devices. Several operating systems have supported work with multiple displays for some time. This fact, coupled with graphic-card advancements has led to an increase in multiple monitor (multimon) use. Large displays offer users significant benefits and usability challenges. In this article the authors discuss those challenges along with novel techniques to address these issues.
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A cross sectional survey was performed to obtain the characteristics of specialized inpatient psychiatry units exclusively serving children with autism and other developmental disorders in the United States. Identified units were ...
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A cross sectional survey was performed to obtain the characteristics of specialized inpatient psychiatry units exclusively serving children with autism and other developmental disorders in the United States. Identified units were surveyed on basic demographic characteristics, clinical challenges and therapeutic modalities. Average length of stay was 42.3 days, children with autism spectrum disorders constituted the majority of the inpatient population (62.5-87.5%), and obtaining adequate postdischarge services was identified as the greatest challenge. Health policy implications and future research directions are suggested.
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